16 February 2012

Arctic ? Why Airships to the Arctic ?

Dr. Barry Prentice is a faculty member at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, not a metropolis whose name leaps readily to the tongue of the average person.
He is Professor of Supply Chain Management, a somewhat under-appreciated business subject, or rather it was unrecognized until Dr. Prentice began organizing a series of Conferences called "Airships to the Arctic" some years back.
Dr. Prentice knows his subject well, and brought his intellect and his resolve to bear on the geopolitical issues raised by climate change , skillfully focusing the world's attention on areas and facts that were not well known but are now becoming familiar talk show fare, and which, thanks to him, are rapidly becoming of worldwide importance.
Simply put, the concept of global warming, OR climate change if the former phrase offends political or meteorological sensibilities, is beginning to slowly --- but inexorably --- exert its effect on some very important geopolitical facts of life.
Geopolitical --- there's another word that is arguably not as well known as it should be to the average North American. It means, essentially, the study of geographical facts and issues, and their effects on a nation's policies and activities.
Funny ! Just a few years ago, the data that indicated that the average temperature of the world was inching up, and had already climbed a couple of degrees on the average worldwide, was the subject of jokes by second-rate humorists. We recall one politically-motivated stand-up comedian wisecracking that , personally, he would welcome global warming as he was not looking forward to shoveling snow next winter.
Ah, but he ignored all the issues and events that are affected by even a slight change in average temperature, changes that we barely take notice of in our day-to-day activities and observations.
Suddenly, even here in the United States, naturalists  began seeing birds in their garden that had never been seen before in their neighborhoods...  not something that the average person even notices.
The trees in people's gardens are being attacked by insects that never used to travel this far north, insects of which the local County Agricultural Agents had never heard. Strange events and observations !
There may have been a backpage item in the national news about the Inuit, the native peoples in the Canadian northland who are subsistence hunters in Arctic waters, having difficulty finding and hunting the animals that were their food sources in the icy waters whose rich abundant life was their prey.
... or a fascinating item about the fabled Northwest Passage. That was a storied track that --- it was said --- would permit ships desiring to travel from Europe to China and India (the Orient) to sail north through the ice packs north of Canada, through the Chukchi Sea, around Point Barrow, into the Barents Sea . ...not familiar terms to most of the world's population.  In doing so, it was said, they would be able to avoid the very long track around stormy and dangerous Cape Horn. After the Panama Canal was built, the Canal provided a viable alternative, but its use still required a long, slow, and expensive voyage . 
For those of us who were awake in geography class (remember when that subject was a standard part of the curriculum?) or history class, the Northwest Passage was an explorer's dream for many centuries . Suddenly, we learned a short time ago that, with the warming of those formerly ice-choked shipping lanes, two Chinese merchant ships had traveled through this Passage, dependably free of ice for the first time in recorded history.
Cruise ships have even begun to seriously consider scheduling pleasure cruises for well-to-do tourists through the Northwest Passage.
Something new and significant was clearly UP !
We don't know whether it was that or the reality TV series "Ice Road Truckers", which dealt with the dangerous journeys of those supplying necessary goods and services. The ice roads upon which these heavily-laden tractor-trailer rigs traveled were fashioned out of frozen lakes and packed snow, dangerous, undependable, terribly slow to navigate, and --- indeed --- impossible to travel on during the summer months. That was when ice, strong enough to support those huge trucks, turned to slush and then into the water of once-frozen ponds.   
In a relatively short time (short for geological clocks), that ice, which had been strong enough and solid enough to support heavy truck loads, now had become liquid water and allowed ships to pass through the melt channels in a careful, but safe, path in the ice...  the Northwest Passage was a reality ! However, this was true only at certain times and under certain weather conditions.
A year-round land OR water track was still out of reach.
That's when Dr. Prentice and a relatively small handful of inventors, builders, dreamers, and airship enthusiasts, with ready financial support by military organizations concerned with issues of supply, came up with the idea of using cargo-carrying airships to provide the necessary transportation link between source of supply and user, without having to depend on heavily-constructed roads or landing strip runways. 
It became possible --- and financially feasible --- when access to the rich resources of the Arctic became a reality. Vast deposits of oil and rare earth minerals (required for high-technology products) were discovered. Very heavy machinery was required to extract them; then some dependable way of transporting them to transshipping centers in southern Canada and the United States; and then to users down south.
It became practical when the airship people set aside their dreams of enormous Zeppelin-size luxurious airships, with passenger-carrying capability, furnished with beauty salons and gourmet dining, even grand pianos. Instead, their attention and their mission were focused on the practical goals of carrying reasonable loads of freight. Developments in standardized cargo containers enabled those goals to be achieved.
These cargo airships would be able to provide services to the Inuit and First Nation Canadians, as well as the others --- outsiders; scientists; riggers; oil well drillers; emergency medical transportation and assistance services; food; heat; electrical generators; outboard motors to power the small craft that made such a difference in survivability, together with their fuel and spare parts; metal tools instead of those carved out of animal ivory.
Areas, that had been all but uninhabitable, began to sprout marine biological stations; research areas in Arctic biology were suddenly sustainable; the entire quality of life throughout a huge area improved quickly and noticeably.
Of significance to the military organizations were the new areas to patrol, to protect, to supply, to establish bases, together with the mission-critical means to support them, and to utilize them for reconnaissance and surveillance.
... and that's why Dr. Prentice's quest, originally seeming so quixotic, to develop and provide these entirely new transportation methods gained such importance. That's why his Airships to the Arctic concept was developed and supported, and --- apparently  --- is succeeding.
Any questions ?       

08 February 2012

Airships used as Cargo Carriers don't need high speed or high altitude capabilities


Where is it etched in stone that a Cargo Carrier — for this is what we envision as the most sensible primary use of an Airship— must travel at high altitudes or at high speeds, no matter how one defines them ? Read the objections raised carefully !
A vast amount of cargo is carried in slow speed, zero altitude barges or merchant vessels. Problems with ships and barges include :
1. The need to wend one’s way up a sinuous waterway like the Mississippi River, lock one’s way through an arduous series of locks and gates on a canal, or inch across treacherous, slippery, thin ice. Airship : straight line course, source to destination !
2. The incredibly complex set of regulations, personnel certifications, staffing requirements, and Jones Act restrictions on vessels built outside the United States, — but all seen as necessary for maritime on-the-water vessels, saddled with  complex regulations .
3. Airships : almost an iconic Garage Project. Technology is available as are new envelope fabrics and surface treatments . Remote control and operation options are available at hobby shops. Competent mechanics can rig a carry-hook for lifting and holding standard cargo containers .
4. Given the new Remotely-Operated technologies now available, it is not necessary to restrict a cargo carrier, travelling below Federally mandated altitudes, to an on-board crew.
5. Equipped with navigational aids like GPS, high-definition video cameras, and other remote sensing devices, cargo carriers carrying substantial loads can fly without a crew to the most remote areas of the earth — Polar, tropical, flooded, mountainous — much as military drones are now (January 2012).
6. Surface ice on water does not impede travel, nor does it require huge, expensive full-crewed ice-breakers to clear a path for the cargo carrier.
7. No, it does not go as fast as a jumbo jet cargo plane —- but neither does it require the monumental infrastructure of the latter — no runways, buildings, or maintenance, no air traffic control system or controllers, no replacement parts such as extraordinarily expensive tires, or expensive carbon-based fuel, (if the power system and fuel choice are wisely chosen), no carbon particulate emissions — that’s why we recommend fuel cells.
8. We recommend electrically-powered engines turning ducted fan props, in hybrid airships , utilizing both static lift from the lifting gas and dynamic lift using the Bernoulli Effect provided by air travelling at speed over the suitably curved surface of an airfoil as the external envelope of the airship --- think Deltoid Pumpkin Seed ---  and using hydrogen as both a lifting gas and fuel for the Fuel Cell. We notice one of your correspondents is Marc de Piolenc, a stalwart veteran of airship technology and a pioneer in ducted fan research. He is an excellent resource in that area.
9. Lack of an onboard crew also helps avoid Hindenburg-tainted issues regarding crew injury or death when utilizing inexpensive hydrogen as both fuel (for the fuel cell) and lifting gas.
10. Fly essentially from anywhere to anywhere, greatly simplifying supply-chain logistics.
11. Sadly, these days, water-borne freight is subject to the hazards — long thought forgotten — of piracy and terrorists.
Despite the fears of Know-Nothings, airships are NOT merely bags of gas that can be brought down by “… a fat, blind, old man with a pellet gun." This has been proven again and again.
12. Wait for winter for some critical supply situation to freeze hard enough to support the significant weight  of truck + cargo.
13. Dr. Barry Prentice, of the "Airships to the Arctic" Conference series (and now under the banner of ISO Polar Airships, Inc.) has been Fighting the Good Fight in this regard for many years. We are pleased to note that he is — at last — being heard by shippers, users, airship builders, and governmental officials.
14. One of the major complaints when comparing the speed of airship travel to that of conventional airplane flight, as calculated by those who have not taken into account the whole picture — the Systems Approach — is that when we factor in
       a. the travel time to the airport,
       b. the new and ever increasing security measures,
       c. the scattered location of large airports,
       d. cargo restrictions,
       e. crowded traffic patterns, and many more issues along                  those lines, and then the similar constraints at the destination  end, the apparent difference in travel times                    between the two modalities shrinks down to almost                  negligible proportions.
       f. the fuel savings, especially weighing the cost of hydrogen    (yes, we said hydrogen) against the cost of petroleum-                    based fuels
       g. the carbon footprint,
       h. the cost and futility of preposterous security measures,
       i. the cost of maintaining the canal-and-lock system of inland waterways,
       j. the cost of complex cargo-container-handling equipment at ports, or of full-draft dredging by the Army Corps of Engineers                    
       k. the cost of other infrastructure such as the air traffic control system , the runways for conventional aircraft,  the cost of aircrews (minimum of two highly-paid commercially-licensed flight officers per flight vs. the cost of what are essentially well-trained video-game players OR radio-control-hobbyists that can fly                         remotely-controlled airships), and
we see a vastly different picture from one which considers only the variables and factors that are convenient to your world view.
We also suppress a smile when hearing arguments that evaluate every cargo movement as though it were traveling through a war zone populated by mujaheddin wielding Rocket Propelled Grenades. You know, "Puncture the skin with an RPG and all that hydrogen will explode like (here it comes) The Hindenburg !!" This by people who drive around every day without a care in the world in automobiles carrying enough highly explosive gasoline in their fuel tanks to blow them to tiny flaming fragments. Have a nice drive ! When one slows down dramatically past a bad traffic accident with all the other rubberneckers, it reminds one of nothing so much as herds of buffalo standing around as early hunters slaughtered other members of their herd one by one, the other animals not budging an inch as the massacre continued.
Some  day , we will wonder why we waited so long to replace surface cargo carriers like merchant ships and ice road truckers with cargo airships... not for every cargo movement (Remember "Horses for Courses", that is, suit the mode of transport to the specific job required!), but for enough to justify any minor inconvenience. Rearrange those mind-sets, folks ! Airships make a great deal of sense  !
If you're looking for perfect methodologies, you'll have to wait for the Second Coming; if you're looking for effective, reasonable ways to move cargo, you should consider Airships .

U.S. Air Force Plans New Airship for Surveillance & Reconnaissance Duties

It would appear that we spoke too soon about Air Force and Navy receptivity toward Lighter-than-Air airships. The follwing story has appeared in the literature, but had not been seen by us prior to publication of our previous Blog. This project appears to reflect a shift in Pentagon spending priorities away from weaponry costs and towards intelligence gathering

The next U.S. Air Force spy craft is planned to be a giant, unmanned dirigible that can remain aloft at high altitudes, keeping an unblinking watch on vehicles, planes and even people over a very wide area.

The dirigible is the brainchild of the U.S. Air Force and DARPA, the Pentagon's research arm, which together will spend $400,000,000 to develop a prototype that could pave the way for a fleet of spy airships, military officials said yesterday.

The plans represent the final stage of work to develop a giant airborne radar system capable of providing ground operators with intricate detail over vast expanses, even if the dirigible is hundreds of miles from its target.
The project reflects a recent shift in Pentagon planning and spending priorities under U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates, who has urged the military services to improve intelligence and surveillance operations, while cutting high-tech weaponry costs.
However, it marks the return to a form of flight that has stirred anxiety and doubt since the deadly 1937 disaster involving the Hindenburg. [We suppose there was just no way they could avoid mentioning the Hindenburg] .In Iraq, the military has used less-sophisticated tethered blimps called aerostats to conduct surveillance around military bases.

Unlike other surveillance platforms, the proposed airship will stay aloft for 10 years and provide a constant watch over an area, Air Force officials said.
"It is absolutely revolutionary," said Werner Dahm, chief scientist for the Air Force. "It is a cross between a satellite and a Global Hawk [spy plane]."
The airship will fly at 65,000 feet, or 12 miles, beyond the range of any handheld missile, and safe from most fighter planes. At that height, it would be nearly impossible to see.
But the dirigible could be vulnerable to some surface-to-air missiles, and would be unable to maneuver out of the way. Nonetheless, the airship's range will allow it to operate at distant edges of any military theatre, likely out of the range of many missiles.

The airship would provide the military a much better understanding of an adversary's movements, habits, and tactics, officials said. The ability to constantly monitor small movements in a wide area --- like the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, for example --- will dramatically improve military intelligence, officials said.

"It is constant surveillance, uninterrupted," Dahm said. "To be able to observe over a long period of time, you get a much better understanding of how an adversary operates. When you only have a short-time view --- whether it is a few hours or a few days --- that is not enough to put the picture together."

The dirigible will be filled with helium and powered by an innovative system that uses solar panels to recharge hydrogen fuel cells. Military officials said those underlying technologies, including a very light hull and low power transmitters, were critical to making the project work.
"The things we had to do here were not trivial, they were revolutionary," said Jan Walker, a spokeswoman for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) .

The final version of the airship will be about 450 feet (137 meters) long. However, the prototype will be only a third of that size. The craft is known to military planners as ISIS, or Integrated Sensor Is (the) Structure, referring to the radar system built into the structure of the craft.

The Isis has a hull made of a light-weight, thick skin. Zeppelins --- like the Hindenburg --- have a rigid external structure. Blimps are not rigid, and are given their shape from the pressure of the helium gas. According to military, the Isis is closer to a blimp than a zeppelin, but officials most frequently call it an airship. "Airship", like "dirigible", is a broader term.

The Air Force has signed an agreement to develop a demonstration dirigible along with the defense research agency. Due to be finished by 2014, the Air Force will begin to use the prototype after an initial three-month testing period. The military has not yet designated a contractor. The Air Force's intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance --- or ISR --- abilities have improved dramatically in the last five years with the expanded use of Predators and other drones. Although Air Force drones can linger over an area for a long time, they do not watch constantly.

The radar system is what gives the new airship its value to military planners.
"Being able to observe threats with a very large radar in the sky, we have the ability to see things much better," Dahm said. "Being able to watch those things, understand what is happening, is really the game-changing piece here."

06 February 2012

We love the Navy, but Where's the Air Force ?

We love the Navy, but Where's the Air Force ? I can speak freely and with some basis in both experience and authority --- take your pick. I was in the U.S. Air Force for some extended period of time and was Honorably Discharged with the rank of Captain, USAF Reserve.

This week I had placed a custom-made U.S. Postage stamp on a letter I was mailing at the local Post Office --- it showed a Navy blimp touching down near its hangar, with a caption that read "U.S. Navy Airship". The Postal clerk was surprised to see an airship with a Navy descriptor.

I patiently explained that the infamous Hindenburg disaster by no means spelled the end of the Airship, how blimps had figured prominently in keeping our merchant convoys in World War II free of attacks by Nazi submarines, especially off the Atlantic Coast of the United States.  I went on to recount -- probably to the annoyance of the lines of people waiting (not so patiently) to buy stamps --that by the end of WW II there were 15 blimp squadrons patrolling millions of square miles of water against the very real threat of submarine attack.

Not only did they provide a splendid margin of safety (records indicate that only one airship was lost through enemy action during this time), but no ship escorted by a blimp was ever sunk. ... and escort service was not the only service they provided in their more than 35,000 operational flights in the Atlantic and the more than 20,000 such flights in the Pacific.

They were active in search-and-rescue efforts, dropping rations and medical supplies, and performed photographic calibration and torpedo recovery service.
When they brought the rescued aircrews aboard, they were able to provide them with hot food, a rare and very welcome treat in those frigid North Atlantic waters.

The clerk was astounded ! Despite being a history buff, he had never heard about any of this in school. Have we dropped the ball in teaching ? Don't get me started on that track !

OK ! Given all that, why was only the Navy operating airships ? Why isn't the Air Force currently placing major effort into the many possible uses of airships ?

Even more to the point, why isn't the Air Force placing as much (or more) effort into the development and deployment of LTA airships, hybrid craft, and all the vital technological underpinnings (I've decided that "infrastructure" is overused) . The necessary underpinnings include ducted fan steering and driving motors; the development and operation of unmanned airships; fuel cell development and use; and so on.

Even the Army with its Long Range Intelligence, Reconaissance, and Surveillance efforts is putting more emphasis and funding into LTA craft than the Air Force. Is it the old Fighter Pilot Syndrome ? If you don't know what that is, I MAY explicate in some future BLOG. I will say that one of the most prominent tags on an Air Force service record was "Flying" OR "Non-Flying" ,
so much so that the enlisted men in my squadron used to joke about making up their "M1A1 Non-Flying Beds" for Saturday inspection.

Where are the Airships of the Air Force ???

(signed)
An Old Non-Fighter-Non-Pilot